Last Updated on August 19, 2026
“Any bleed within the cranium is a medical emergency!”
Introduction
Classification
•
Traumatic
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage • Subarachnoid haemorrhage • Cerebral haemorrhagic contusion • Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Subdural haematoma
• Extradural haematoma
=====
• Cerebral haemorrhagic contusion
• Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
• Lobar haematoma
• Centrally located haemorrhage – basal ganglia / pons / cerebellum haemorrhage
•
Intracerebral
• Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
=====
• Lobar haematoma
• Centrally located haemorrhage – basal ganglia / pons / cerebellum haemorrhage
• Subdural haematoma
• Extradural haematoma
https://www.myupchar.com/en / https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:An_illustration_of_the_different_types_of_brain_hemorrhage.pngSubtopics
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📌Pathophysiology
• Bleeding from
bridging veins
Elderly are most susceptible, because bridging veins become vulnerable due to brain atrophy
📌Causes
Traumatic Trauma can be recent / many months ago (up to 9 months)
•
Trauma
Non-traumatic
• Dural metastases
📌Risk factors
• Elderly
• Fall
• Anticoagulant
Investigations
×Most of these are the investigations that could have been done in cases suspicious of ICB / stroke
Most of these are the investigations that could have been done in cases suspicious of ICB / stroke
Blood
• FBC Required (if not taken earlier) if CT brain suggestive of massive bleed and patient indicated for operation — decompression craniotomy // patient becomes anaemic
• Coagulation profile
•
GSH / GXM
Imaging —
CT brain
×For diagnosis of ICB
For diagnosis of ICB
(i) Possible findings:
• Haematoma
• Hydrocephalus
• Midline shift
(ii) Estimation of haematoma volume:
Tips in Referring Neurosurgery for ICB
Intracranial haemorrhage requires Neurosurgical referral, but not all intracranial haemorrhage require neurosurgical intervention.
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Q&A
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Further Reading
- Non-traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage, Radiology Assistant
- Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage, Radiology Assistant