Circulation

Last Updated on August 19, 2026

“Is the patient responsive to fluid? Does the patient require more fluid? Will further fluid resuscitation cause overload?”

How to Predict Fluid Responsiveness?

• Ultrasound : Inferior vena cava diameter
• Central venous pressure (CVP)
• Passive leg raise test

Input & Output Balance

• Insensible fluid loss in an adult is ≈500 mL per day

Further Reading

1. https://pulmccm.org/review-articles/passive-leg-raise-test-helpful-maneuver-icu-parlor-trick/#:~:text=A%20passive%20leg%20raise%20test,%2C%20all%2Dnatural%20fluid%20bolus.